An analysis of “Night” and “Beloved” Essay Example for Free

An analysis of Night and Beloved EssayIn the propensity of the most tackled themes for literary works, freedom and love probably top the list. The Novels Night and Beloved ar some examples of the literary pieces which intertwine these two popular concepts. Basically, the books dwelled on stories of thralldom and brutality which finally destroyed the lives of the fictional characters. In this paper, the researcher tries to examine how these books address the importance of freedom and love in terms of invigoration a life of meaning and purpose. The Lack of Freedom Can Deny WorthBoth literary pieces demonstrate that without freedom, a person can ultimately loose his sense of self, and thus stripping the individual of his love for himself and his worth as a human being. The lack of worth is often initiated by the perpetrators or those who enslave. However, through continuous exposure to maltreatment, discrimination, and intolerant violence, the enslaved may loose hope, and in t he end accept the fact that he and his life are indeed ugly and that there is no point of loving himself and his fellows. This is clearly shown in the first novel.In the beginning of the Night, the Jews who were brought to the Nazi camp found relief in caring for each other. They alike turned to religion and their God at times when they feared for their lives. In particular, Eliezer excessively prayed seeking salvation, security, and purpose in his faith and accept that God would not let evil prevail. The Jews also tried to seek relief from supporting Zionism. To a certain sense, the captives tried to preserve their worth as a human being through loving and caring. (Wiesel) However, brutal experiences forced them to thwart their beliefs and their worth.They had to see babies that were burned in open pit furnaces. Such progeny is very demoralizing to people since babies are often regarded as symbols of pure and innocent lives which needed love, not brutality. Apart from that, t hey were also forced to watch the abeyance of their fellow Jews, people whom they loved and cared for. Such experiences combined with the inhumane treatment of Nazis gradually led the Jews to believe that they were basically nothing but slaves individuals who have no purpose in life but to serve the superior race.They were somehow, undeserving of love and life, which will only be wasted through unjustifiable and obligate death. In Beloved, the slaves were liberated but one can see that their liberation was probably too late in the sense that slavery already ruined their sense of self. Take the case of Paul D. As a slave, he was treated with utmost cruelty by the school instructor. When he tried to escape with Sixo, they were captured and Sixo was killed. Paul D was then subjected to humiliation when he was forced to wear an iron bit much like a horse. He also suffered from pitiless beatings and torturing of the chain gang.As a result of these inhumane treatments, Paul D often fe lt unsafe and unconvinced of his humanness and manhood. (Morrison) In the case of Sethe, she was also treated as an inferior being that, as the school teacher notes, has animal characteristics. She was violated by men and even whipped almost to death, despite the fact that she was pregnant. As a result of these experiences, she felt a feeling of self-hatred for becoming a slave. Sethe also cannot find a sense of satisfaction or fulfillment in her own self. That is why she saw motherhood as the only chance for her to liquidate her worth.Thus, she regarded her children, especially Beloved as her best thing. By being so selfless to the point of martyrdom, it seems that Sethe did not possess any love for herself. Rather, every loving emotion is directed to her children. The Lack of Freedom Can Distort a Persons Sense of Life and Love The two novels also showed that slavery can greatly alter a persons view of living and loving. Basically, the lack of freedom can introduce seemingly irr ational and inconclusive perspectives that are derived from sheer fright, panic and anxiety.In Night, the lack of freedom reduced the lives of the Jews as nothing but mere struggles for survival. Through the extensive plectron process promoted by the Nazis, the Jews developed the idea that the fittest are truly the only ones who can live. This is demonstrated by the fact that those who were considered as ill and weak were right away exterminated while the strong ones were used for labor. The idea of the survival of the fittest was further enforced by the scarcity of resources in the camp. There was too little pabulum and water and this prompted the Jews to compete against themselves.Whats worse was that the competition even prompted the prisoners to lose their sense of love and respect for their fathers. As noted by one of them hear to me, boy. Dont forget that youre in a concentration camp. Here, every man has to fight for himself and not think of anyone else. Even of his fath er. Here, there are no fathers, no brothers, (and) no friends. Everyone lives and dies for himself alone. (Wiesel) In a sense, without freedom the lives of the Jews became animalistic. They lost their regard for familial relations along with the loss of their hopes to be free.Without freedom, they had no love and without love, their lives seemed to have no meaning. Elizier further demonstrates this point through his narration of a sons beating of his father because of a fight over food on the train to Buchenwald. (Wiesel) In Beloved, the most twisted result of slavery is shown through murder. In the story, the schoolteacher wanted to take Sethe and her children spine into the barn where slaves were dehumanized. Instead of surrendering her children however, Sethe decided to kill them rather than forcing them into a life without freedom.Through this act, Sethe demonstrated that life without freedom is worse than death. She somehow equated death as the only way to escape slavery and achieve freedom. For her, the act of murdering her own children cutting their throat with a handsaw was an act of love. Paul D explained Sethes actions She just flew. Collected every bit of life she had made, all the parts of her that were precious and fine and beautiful, and carried, pushed, dragged them through the veil, out, away, over there where no one could appal themOutside this place, where they would be safe.(Morrison) In conclusion, the two novels, Night and Beloved show that without freedom, individuals can lose their idea of love both in terms of toilet table and love for others. Continuous demoralization and dehumanization can ultimately ruin a persons concept of love and life. Moreover, such acts can drainpipe purpose and meaning in living. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York Knopf, 1987. Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York Bantam Books, 1960.

The Harlem Renaissance and Its Role in American Literature Essay Example for Free

The Harlem rebirth and Its Role in American literature EssayHistorically, the African American experience is defined by the constant struggle to be recognized, to assert identity, and to rise from the stereotypes and negativity of racism and discrimination. While it took some time before these issues were resolved, the contributions advance from the African American cultures collective and individual experiences have formed a punishing body of work, from then until now. One of the more or less known eras of African American literature is the Harlem Renaissance.Originally known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance saw an incredible influx of activity at bottom the company of black writers that started during the early 1920s (McElrath, par. 1). The movement began with the holding of literary discussions series in both lower and upper Manhattan, specifically Greenwich Village and Harlem. Much of the reference work was given to Charles Spurgeon Johnson, an edi tor who called on young and aspiring African American writers to bring their creative talents to New York in order to form an unprecedented social status of black creative artists.The call was heeded, and the next few years saw the arrival of black writers from all over America and even from the Caribbean, coinciding with the pagan phenomenon of the black urban migration. The Harlem Renaissance was soon born, and its roster included then-unknown names that would rise to exemplary heights in a short time (Harlem Literature, pars. 1-2). II. Themes Within the Harlem Renaissance More than a specific form or style, the Harlem Renaissance was characterized by its embracing of all styles and elements arising from culture and experience.The black signature in the emergent jazz and blues music also made its impact on the literature produced, since more a(prenominal) of the themes covered by music also resonated within the writing community. Slavery and the production of identity, the com plexities of life as African Americans in the modernity of the urban North, and the issues concerning the writing and performance for white audiences were some of the more ordinary themes appropriated by writers of the Harlem Renaissance.Racial pride and the reference to African history were found within the lines of black writers works, as swell as a marked want to achieve political and social equality within the greater American society. Yet more than anything. the Harlem Renaissance was defined by its upholding of diversityin style, voice, and expression (Harlem Renaissance, pars. 1-2). Langston Hughes and Claude McKay, both poets, paved the way for the showcase of the African American mindset, particularly in Hughes appropriation of the ghetto life, and in the militant tone and passion against racial violence and for cultural pride in McKays If We must Die.Other writers followed suit, and most notable was the membership of women in this elite circle. III. The Men and Harlem African American writers have come a long way since the efforts of Frederick Douglass on his text opposing slavery (Malvasi, par. 4), and the premier list of the Harlem Renaissance included many names, but always topped by three Hughes, McKay, and Countee Cullen. Unlike the other two, Cullen had lived all his life in New York City, and viewed poetry as raceless, though he did acknowledge the presence of racism in America.However, the tackling of racist themes and injustice in his iconic poem Yet I Do Marvel apparently changed this peaceable outlook. Hughes, on the other hand, was quite experienced and well-traveled, a fact that appears in the use of the outdoors as a literary device in his profound poem Negro Speaks of Rivers. Finally, Claude McKay promoted a more irreverent method of fighting inequality and racism, the nature of which answers the anger and fear instilled in the hearts of African Americans.His abovementioned poem, If We Must Die, calls for honorable death in the fa ce of the various forms of torture and persecution against blacks (McCrone 2-3). IV. The Writing Women of the Harlem Renaissance Perhaps the most marginalized among an already marginalized community are the women, most of whom are relegated to traditional roles limited to domesticity and child-rearing. While these wereand still arevalues deemed important and significant, much must be credited to the African American women writers of the era, who had more to contribute on top of the collective experience of slavery and injustice.Editor Jessie Fauset, teacher Dorothy Peterson, and writers Ethel Ray Nance, Regina Anderson, and Georgia Douglas Johnson were some of the first women to claim part of the Harlem Renaissance for the interests of the female voice. Included in their activities were discussion and writing group organization, promotion of black authors in their respective communities, and the publication of African American writing in various magazines where they served as editor s.But most of all, the women of the Harlem Renaissance made their mark by writing about fear and violence, as well as sex activity and tradition, within the context of the black experience. Names such as Dorothy West, Hallie Quinn, and Zora Neale Hurston were active in this group, women who would later make their literary voices resound even louder than those of their male counterparts (Lewis, pars. 13-17). V. reprehension Notwithstanding the great proliferation of creativity and intellectualism, the Harlem Renaissance and its impact on American literature was not without flaws or criticism.Because of the newness of the concept of freedom, specially in the realm of writing, many black writers resorted to crafting their works in styles commonly identified with white literary standards. Even worse, some of them appropriated images of blacks that agree with the racial stereotypes propagated by the whites. The goal to promote African American identity was not always successful, perhap s due to the still flimsy grasp on freedom and equalityconcepts that are alive and well in this era. Works Cited Harlem Literature.Harlem Renaissance Multimedia Resource. 2009. John Carroll University. 17 exhibit 2009 http//www. jcu. edu/harlem/Literature/Page_1. htm. Harlem Renaissance. Spiritus-Temporis. com. 2005. 16 March 2009 http//www. spiritus-temporis. com/harlem-renaissance/diverse-and-common-themes. html. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Harlem Renaissance Women African American Women Dreaming in Color. Womens History. 2009. About. com. 17 March 2009 http//womenshistory. about. com/od/harlemrenaissance/a/dreaming_color. htm. Malvasi, Meg Greene.Soul Deep African American Literature and medication. Suite101. com. 2004. 16 March 2009 http//www. suite101. com/article. cfm/harlem_renaissance/98190. McCrone, Audrey. Three Harlem Renaissance Writers (Hughes, McKay, Cullen). Essays on American Literature. 2001. 17 March 2009 http//www. suite101. com/article. cfm/american_literature_essays /78581/3. McElrath, Jessica. Harlem Renaissance The New Negro Movement. Afro-American History. 2009. About. com. 17 March 2009 http//afroamhistory. about. com/cs/harlemrenaissance/a/harlemren. htm.

Elderly Suicide Strategies with Nurse Based Intervention

olden Suicide St roamgies with Nurse Based InterventionInvestigation into nurse strategies to pr dismantlet or minimise move self-annihilation in patients over 65This dissertation considers the rationale for positive nurse-based preventive in consideration of issues relating to felo-de-se in the olden. The introduction sets the context, including the historical context, of the issues and discusses the prejudicious emergences of jump onism on issues relating to self-annihilation in the remote.The writings re fool considers selected texts which fork up been chosen for their specific relevance to the issue and bad-temperedly those that espouse the view that yearsism is counterproductive to a satis cistrony quality of life outcome for the hoary person.Conclusions are drawn and discussed with specific tenseness on those measures that are of particular relevance to the nursing profession whether it is in a secondary care facility, a residential home scope or in the prim ary health care team and the community.IntroductionWe can retain, from a recent re foundation (OConnell H et al. 2004), the comments that, although t present is no doubt that the olden present higher insecurity of holy felo-de-se than whatever other age gathering, this fact receives relatively little attention with factors such as media interest, medical research and public health measures organism disproportionately focused on the junior age sort outs (Uncap her H et al.2000).Perhaps we should non be surprised at the fact that some(prenominal) suicidal feelings and thoughts of discouragement have been considered part of the social context of growing old and becoming progressively less cap fit. This is not a phenomenon that is just confined to our society.We know that the quaint Greeks tolerated these feelings in their society and actively cond wholenessd the option of assisted suicide if the person involved had come to the conclusion that they had no more(prenomi nal)(prenominal) useful role to twist in society (Carrick P 2000). Society largely took the view that once an individual had reached old age they no longer had a purpose in life and would be better off dead. In a more modern context, we note the writings of Sigmund Freud who observed (while he was suffering from an incur commensurate malevolence of the palateIt may be that the gods are merciful when they make our lives more unpleasant as we grow old. In the end, death seems less intolerable than the more loads we have to bear. (cited in McClain et al. 2003)We would offer that one of the explanations of this apparent phenomenon of comparative indifference to the plight of the elderly in this regard is due to the fact that the social burden of suicide is often referred to in purely economic terms, specifically relating tools of social contri saveion and loss of productivity. (Breeching A et al.2000).This purely economic assessment would have to observe that the young are much mo re likely to be in employment and less likely to be a burden on the economic status of the country whereas with the elderly exactly the converse is likely to be true. This offsprings in economic prominence being given to the death of a younger person in numerous reviews. (Adcock P,2003). There is likewise the fact that, despite the fact that we have already highlighted the increase in relative frequency of suicide in the elderly, because of the demographic distributions of the cosmos in the UK, the absolute numbers of both attempted suicides and actual suicides are greater in the younger age ranges and whence more readily apparent and obvious.The elderly are a peculiarly vulnerable group from the seek of suicide. In the industrialised world males over the age of 75 represent the single largest demographic group in terms of suicide attempts. Interestingly (and for reasons that we shall shortly discuss) although there is a general trend of increase suicide rate with age the exc ess rates associated with the elderly are slowly declining in the recent past (Castell 2000).We can quantify this statement by considering the statistics. If we consider the period 1983 to 1995 in the UK then we can present thatThe suicide rates for men reduced by in the midst of 30% and 40% in the age groups 5564, 6574 and 7584The rates for the some elderly men (males over 85 years) remained bazarly static, this group tranquil having the highest rates of any groupBy way of contrast, the 25- to 34-year-old male group exhibited a 30%increase in suicide rate during the same period, this group are becoming the group with the second highest rate, while the 15- to24-year-old male group demonstrated a 55% increase in suicide rates.(WHO 2001)Female suicide rates have shown a similar overall decrease, bring down by between 45 and 60% in the 4584 age group.Elderly women, however, retain the highest rates throughout the life span (Castell 2000)The ratio of male to female elderly suicide deaths remains approximately 31 (Fischer L R et al. 2003)We can suggest that these trends in reduction of suicide, particularly in the elderly are likely to be due, amongst other things, toThe improved detection of those at risk together with the advent of aggressive treatment policies relating to mental illness in the elderly. (Warn M et al. 2003)One of the main reasons, we would suggest, for this obviously changing pattern and the discrepancies in the suicide rates between the age ranges, is the fact that, in direct consideration of the context of our topic, the elderly are more likely to be both amenable to professional help and overly, by virtue that a higher proportion are likely to be in direct contact with healthcare professionals either through failing health or nursing homes and hospitals, (Soutine K teal. 2003), have the warning signs of impending suicide recognised and acted upon more promptly than the younger, arguably more independent age group.In specific considera tion of the elderly group we should also note that attempted suicide is more likely to be a failed suicide attempt rather than a Para suicide. (Rubenowitz E et al. 2001).There is capacious reason that the incidence of depression is increased in the mien of a concurrent physical illness (Conwell Yet al. 2002) and intelligibly this is going to be more likely in the elderly age group. close to sources have cited association rates of between 60-70%of major depression with physical illness in the over 70yr olds.(Conwell Y et al. 2000).Another significant factor is that it is commonly veritable that an attempted suicide is a strong independent risk factor in the aetiology of further suicide attempts. (Conwell Y et al. 1996) This trend is much more marked in the elderly group with a ratio of about 41 which compares very badly with the ratios in the younger age groups of between 81 and 2001 (depending on age range, definition and theater of operations).(Hippie J et al. 1997)Aims and objectivesIn this dissertation it is intended to gain evidence based friendship of the scope and significance of the phenomenon of attempted suicide in the elderly. In addition it is intended to gain evidence based knowledge in the use of strategies to remediate attempted suicide in the elderly to highlight gaps in the literature available and to suggest recommendations for change in nursing practice It is hoped tube able to suggest areas for research into the phenomenon of attempted suicide in the elderly.MethodologyThe initial strategy was to under receive a library search at the local locating graduate library and the local university library (Client you might like to personalise this) on the key words suicide, elderly, prevention strategies, industrialised societies. This presented a great many written reports. About 40 were selected and read to provide an overview of the literature in this area.During this phase, references were noted and followed up and key literary works were assimilated. The bulk of the cover accessed and read were make within the last decade, however a number of significant older references were also accessed if they had a specific bearing on a particular issue. The most significant references were accessed and digested. The dissertation was written referencing a selected sub-set of these works.Rationale for proposalTo increase nurses knowledge and understanding of attempted suicide in the older age group and to highlight through the literature review, evidence based strategies that can be employed to ameliorate attempted suicide amongst the elderly.Literature reviewBefore commencing the literature review, it is acknowledged that the literature on this subject is huge. The parameters of the initial search have been defined above. In addition it should be noted that there is a considerable literature on the subject of assisted suicide which has been specifically excluded from these considerationsThe literature base for suicide in the elderly is quite extensive and provides a sound evidence base for understanding, appropriate action and treatment. (Berwick D 2005)One of the landmark papers in this area is by Hippie and Quinton(Hippie J et al. 1997) which provided a benchmark, not only on the aetiology of the subject, but also in the long term outcomes, which, in terms of potential nursing care in ordinate, is extremely essential. The paper points to the fact that there is a total understanding of the absolute risk factors for suicide in the elderly but a comparative lack of good quality follow up studies in the area.It set out to diagnose100 cases of attempted suicide in the elderly and then follow them up over a period of years. The study was a retrospective examination of100 consecutive cases of attempted suicide that were referred to the psychiatric services over a four year period. The authors were able to make a detailed investigation (including an interview of many of the survivors), about four yea rs later. Their findings have been widely acknowledgmentd in the literature.Of particular relevance to our considerations here we note that they found that of the 100 cases set, 42 were dead at the time of follow up. Of these, 12 were suspected suicides and five more had died as a result of complications of their initial attempt. There were 17further attempts at suicide in the remaining group. Significantly, the twelve women in the group all make non-lethal attempts whereas all five of the men made successful attempts.The authors were able to establish that the risk of further attempts at suicide (having made one attempt)was in excess of 5% per year and the success rate was 1.5% per year in this group. From this study we can also conclude that the risk of successful repeat attempted suicide is very much greater if the subjects male. The authors were also able to establish that, because of their initial attempt, those at risk of self-harm were likely to be in contact with the Psych iatric services and also suffering from persistent disgustful depression.We can examine the paper by Dennis (M et al. 2005) for a further insight into the risk factors that are identifiable in the at risk groups. This paper is not so detailed as the Hippie paper, but it differs in its construction as it is a control matched study which specifically considered the non-fatal self-harm scenario. The study compared two groups of age matched elderly people both groups had a history of depression but the active study group had, in addition, a history of self-harm. The significant differences highlighted by this study were that those in the self-harm group were characterised by poorly integrated social network and had a significantly more hopeless ideation.This clearly has implications for intervention as, in the context of a care home or warden assisted setting, there is scope for improving the social integration of the isolated elderly, and in the domestic setting community support can provide a number of options to remove factors that mitigate towards social isolation. This would appear to be a positive step towards reducing the risk of further self harm.The OConnell paper (OConnell et al. 2004) is effectively a tour divorce on the pertinent issues. It is a review paper that cherry-picks the important information from other, quite disparate, studies and combines them into a coherent whole. It is extremely well written, very detailed, quite long and extremely informative. While it is not appropriate to consider the paper in its entirety, there are a number of factors that are directly relevant to our considerations here and weshall restrict our comments to this aspect of the paper.In terms of the identification of the risk factors associated with attempted suicide in the elderly, it highlights psychiatric illnesses, most notably depression, and certain personality traits, together with physical factors which embarrass neurological illnesses and malignancies. Th e social risk factors identified in the Dennis paper are expanded to include social isolation, being divorced, widowed, or long term single.The authors point to the fact that many of the papers referred to tend to treat the fact of suicide in reductionist terms, analysing it to its basic fundamentals. They suggest that the actual burden of suicide should also be considered in more human terms with consideration of the consequences for the family and community being understood and assessed. (Mason T et al. 2003)In terms of nursing intervention for suicide prevention, we note that the authors express the opening that sociality exists along a continuum from suicidal ideation, through attempted suicide, to completed suicide. It follows from this that a nurse, picking up the possibility of suicidal ideation, should consider and act on this as significant warning sign of possible impending action on the part of the patient.The authors point to the fact that the estimation of the actual s ignificance of the various preponderances of suicide varies depending on the study (and and so the definition) (Kirby M et al. 1997). In this context we should note that the findings do not support the ageist assumptions expounded earlier, on the grounds that the preponderance of either hopelessness or suicidal ideation in the elderly is reported asap to 17% (Kirby M et al. 1997), and there was a universal association with psychiatric illness, especially depressive illness.If we consider the prevalence of suicidal feelings in those elderly people who have no evidence of mental disorder, then it is as low as4%. It and then seems clear that hopelessness and sociality are not the natural and understandable consequences of the aging process as Freud and others would have us believe. This has obvious repercussions as far as nursing (and other healthcare) professionals are concerned, as it appears to be clearly inappropriate to assume that sociality is, in most cases, anything other th an one of many manifestations of mental illness. It also follows from this, and this again has distinct nursing implications, that suicidal ideation and intent is only the tip of the iceberg when one considers the pack of psychological, physical and social health problems for the older person. (Warn M et al. 2002)If one considers evidence from studies that involve psychological autopsies, there is further evidence that psychopathology is involved. Depressive disorders were found in 95% in one study. (Duberstein P R teal. 1994) Psychotic disorders and anxiety states were found to be poorly correlated with suicidal completion.Further evidence for this viewpoint comes from the only study to date which is a prospective cohort study in which completed suicide was the outcome measure. (Ross R K et al. 1990). This shows that the most reliable predictor of suicide was the self-rated severity of depressive symptoms. This particular study showed that those clients with the highest ratings we re 23 times more likely to die as the result of suicide than those with the lowest ratings. It also noted that other independent risk factors (although not as strong), were drinking more than 3 units of alcohol per day and sleeping more than 9 hours a night.One further relevant point that comes from the OConnell paper is the fact that expression of suicidal intent should never be taken lightly in the older age group. The authors cite evidence to show that this has a completely different pattern in the elderly when compared tithe younger age groups. (Beauties A L 2002).The figures quoted show that if an elderly person undertakes a suicide attempt they are very much more likely to be successful than a younger one. The ratio of Para suicides to completed suicides in the adolescent age range is 2001, in the general population it is between 81 and331 and in the elderly it is about 41. (Warn M et al. 2003). It follows that suicidal behaviour in the elderly carries a much higher degree of intent. This finding correlates with other findings of preferential methods of suicide in the elderly that have a much higher degree of lethality such as firearms and the use of hanging. (Jorum A Feet al. 1995).The paper by Cornwell (Y et al. 2001) considers preventative measures that can be put in place and suggests that independent risk factors commonly associated with suicide in the elderly can be expanded to include psychiatric and physical illnesses, in operation(p) impairment, personality traits of neuroticism and low openness to experience, and social isolation. And of these, t is affective illness that has the strongest correlation with suicide attempts.We have discussed(elsewhere) the correlation between impending suicide and contact with the primary care providers. Cornwell cites the fact that 70% of elderly suicides have seen a member of the primary healthcare team within 30days of their death and and then proposes that the primary healthcare setting is an important ven ue for screening and intervention. It is suggested that mood disorders are commonplace in primary healthcare practice but, because they are comparatively common, are underdiagnosed and often inadequately treated (ageism again).The authors suggest that this fact alone points to the fact that one of the suicide prevention strategies that can be adopted by the primary healthcare team. they suggest that clinicians, whether they are medically qualified or nursing qualified, should be trained to identify this group and mobilise appropriate intervention accordingly. Obviously the community nurses can help in this regard as they are ideally placed to maximise their contact with vulnerable and high risk groups.We have identified the role of a major depressive illness in the aetiology of suicide in the elderly. Bruce (M L et al. 2002) considered the role of both reactive and idiopathic major depression in the population of the elderly in a nursing home setting. This has particular relevance t o our considerations as firstly, on an intuitive direct, one can possibly empathise with the reactive depressive elements of the elderly person finding themselves without independence in a residential or nursing home and secondly, this is peradventure the prime setting where the nurse is optimally placed to monitor the mood another risk factors of the patient and continual close quarters.The salient facts that we can take from this study are that there was substantial burden of major depressive symptomatology in this study group (13.5%). The majority (84%) were experiencing their first major depressive episode and therefore were at greatest risk of suicide. The depression was associated with comorbidity in the majority of cases including medical morbidity, instrumental activities of daily living disability, reported pain, and a past history of depression but not with cognitive function or socio demographic factors. All of these positive associations which could have been recognise d as significant risk factors of suicide in the elderly.Significantly, in this study, only 22% of all of the seriously depressed patients were receiving antidepressant therapy and none were receiving any sort of psychotherapy. In addition to this the authors point to the fact that 31% of the patients who were put on antidepressants were taking a sub therapeutic dose (18% because they were purposely not complying with the dosage instructions).The conclusions that the authors were able to draw from this study were that major depression in the elderly was twice as common in the residential setting as opposed to those elderly patients still in the community. The majority of these depressed patients were effectively left untreated and therefore at significant risk of suicide. There was the obvious conclusion that a great deal more could be make for this study population in terms of relieving their social isolation and depressive illnesses. And, by extrapolation, for their risk of suicid e.Ethical considerations.In consideration of the issue of suicide in the elderly we note that there are a number of ethical considerations but these are primarily in the field of assisted suicide which we have specifically excluded from this study. (Pabst Batten, M 1996)Evidence for positive nursing interventionsHaving established the evidence base in the literature that defines the risk factors that are known to be particularly associated with suicide in the elderly, we take it as read that this will form part of the knowledge base for the nurse to be alert to, and to identify those patients who are at particular risk of suicide. It is equally important to be conscious(predicate) of those factors that appear to confer a degree of protection against suicide. This will clearly also help to inform strategies of intervention for the nurse.Studies such as that by Gunnel (D et al. 1994) point to the fact that religiosity and life satisfaction were independent protective factors against suicidal ideation, and this factor was particularly noted in another study involving the terminally ill elderly where the authors noted that higher degrees of spiritual well-being and life satisfaction get ahead both independently predicted lower suicidal feelings. (McClain et al. 2003).The presence of a spouse or significant friend is a major protective factor against suicide. Although clearly it may not be an appropriate intervention for nursing care to facilitate the presence of a spouse() it may well be appropriate, particularly in residential settings, to facilitate social interactions and the setting up of possible friendships within that setting (Bertolote J M et al. 2003)Conclusions and discussionThis Dissertation has considered the rationale behind the evidence base for nursing intervention and strategies to prevent or minimise suicide attempts in the elderly age group. We have outlined the literature which is directed at identification of the greatest at risk groups and t his highlights the importance of the detection and treatment ofboth psychiatric disorders (especially major depression), and physical disorders (especially Diabetes Mellitus and gastric ulceration).(Thomas A J et al. 2004)Although we have been at pains to point out the relatively high and disproportionate incidence of suicide in the elderly, we should not lose sight of the fact that it is not a common event. One should not take the comments and evidence presented in this dissertation as being of sufficient severity to merit screening the entire elderly population. (Erlangen A et al. 2003) The thrust of the findings in this dissertation are that the screening should be entirely opportunistic.The evidence base that we have defined should be utilised to identify those who are in high risk groups, for example, those with overt depressive illnesses, significant psychological and social factors, especially those who have a history of previous attempted suicide. The healthcare professional should not necessarily expect the elderly person to volunteer such information and if the person concerned is naturally withdrawn or reserved, fry degrees of depressive symptoms may not be immediately obvious. (Callahan C M teal. 1996).In terms of direct nursing intervention, this must translate into the need to be conscious(predicate) of such eventualities and the need to enquire directly about them. The nurse should also be aware that the presence of suicidal feelings in a patient with any degree of depression is associated with a lower response rate to treatment and also an increase in the need for augmentation strategies. The nurse should also be aware of the fact that these factors may indicate the need for secondary referral. (Gunnel D et al. 1994).If we accept the findings of Conwell (Y et al. 1991), then the estimated population at risk from significant mood disorder and therefore the possibility of attempted suicide in the elderly, is 74%.This can be extrapolated to sugg est that if mood disorders were eliminated from the population then 74% of suicides would be prevented in the elderly age group. Clearly this is a theoretical viewpoint and has to be weighed against the facts that firstly elimination of mood disorders (even if it were possible), would only be achieved by treatment of all actual cases as well as prevention of new cases, and the secondary prevention of sub-clinical cases.We know, from other work, that the detection and treatment of depression in all age ranges is low, and even so only 52% of cases that reach medical attention make a significant response to treatment(Bertolote J M et al. 2003). These statistics reflect findings from the whole population and the detection rates and response rates are likelyto lower in the elderly. (Wei F et al. 2003).It follows that although treatment of depressive illness is still the mainstay of treatment intervention as far as suicide prevention is concerned, preventative measures and vigilance at a n individual level are also essential. Nursing interventions can include measures aimed at improving physical and emotional health together with improved social integration. Sometimes modification of lifestyle can also progress successful ageing and lead to an overall decrease in the likelihood of suicidal feelings. (Fischer L R et al. 2003)On a population level, public health measures designed to promote social contact, support where necessary, and integration into the community are likely to help reduce the incidence of suicide in the elderly, particularly if we consider the study by Cornwell (Y et al.1991) which estimated the independent risk factor for low levels of social contact in the elderly population as being 27%. Some communities have provided call in lines and this has been associated with significant reduction in the completed suicide in the elderly (Fischer R et al. 2003)To return to specific nursing interventions, one can also suggest measures aimed at reducing acce ss to, or availability of the means for suicide such as restricting access to over the counter medicines.(Slog I et al. 1996),Some sources (Castell H 2000) point to the possibility of introducing opportunistic screening in the primary healthcare setting. The rationale behind this suggestion is the realisation that there is high level of contact between the suicidal elderly person and their primary healthcare team in the week onward suicide (20-50%) and in the month before suicide (40-70% make contact). This is particularly appropriate to our considerations here because of the progressively change magnitude significance of the role of the nurse within the primary healthcare team particularly at the first point of contact. (Houston, Ret al. 2002)The evidence base for this point of view is strengthened by reference to the landmark Gotland study (Ruts W et al. 1989) which examined the effect of specific develop in suicide awareness and prevention in the primary healthcare team by pro viding extensive suicide awareness training and measures to increase the facilitation of opportunistic screening of the population. Prior to the intervention, the authors noted that, when compared to young adults, the elderly were only 6% as likely to be asked about suicide and 20% as likely to be asked if they felt depressed and 25% as likely to be referred to mental health specialist. This balance was restored almost to normality later on the intervention.Suicide in the elderly is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. It appears to be the case that the elderly tend to be treated with different guidelines from the young suicidal patient insofar as the increased risk is not met with increased assistance. (Kouras L et al.2002). We have presented evidence that the factors included in this discrepancy may include the higher overall number of young suicides, the higher economic burden that society appears to carry for each young suicide together with ageist beliefs about the factors c oncerning suicide in the elderly.From the point of view of nursing intervention, both in a hospital and in a community setting, there should be greater emphasis placed on measures such as screening and prevention programmes targeted at the at-risk elderly. There is equally a need for aggressive intervention if depression or suicidal feelings are overtly expressed, particularly in the relevant subgroups where additional risk factors may be active, for example those with comorbid medical conditions or social isolation or recent bereavement. (Harwood D et al. 2001),Many of the elderly spend their last years in some form of sheltered accommodation, whether this is a nursing home, a hospital, warden assisted housing or being cared for by the family. (Haut B J et al.1999) In the vast majority of cases this is associated with a loss of independence, increasing frailty and an increasing predisposition to illness that comes with increasing age. (Juurlink D N et al. 2004).This loss of indepen dence and increasing predisposition to illness is also associated with depressive illnesses of varying degrees. (Bruce ML et al. 2002).These patients are arguably, by a large, more likely to come into contact with the nurses in the community. (Munson M L 1999)The comments that we have made elsewhere relating to the nurses role in being aware of the implications for the depressed elderly patient are particularly appropriate in this demographic subgroup. As a general rule, it may be easier to keep a watchful eye on patients who are exhibiting early signs of depressive illness or mood disorder in this situation by making arrangements to visit on a regular basis or on significant anniversaries such as the death of a spouse or a wedding anniversary. (Nagatomo I et al. 1998) when the risk factors for suicide increase dramatically (Schonberg H C et al. 1998)The literature in this area is quite extensive and covers many of the aspects of suicide in the elderly. It is noticeable however, tha t there is a great deal of literature on the subject of risk factors and associations of suicide together with plenty of papers which quote statistics that relate the various trends and incidences. There are, by comparison, only a few papers which emphasise and reflect on the positive aspects of nursing care.The positive steps that can be taken by the nursing profession specifically to help to minimise the burden of suicidal morbidity. There is clearly scope for studies in areas such as the impact that a dedicated community nurse might have on the levels of depression in the community if regular visits were timetabled. It is fair to observe that the community mental health nurses fulfil this role to a degree, but are severely hampered in most cases by sheer weight of numbers in the caseload. (Mason T et al. 2003)Having made these observations, we must conclude that there appears tube an overwhelming case for opportunistic screening of the at risk elderly at any point of contact wit h a healthcare professional. It is part of the professional remit of any nurse to disseminate their specific professional accomplishment with others. (Yuri H et al. 1998). This can either be done on an informal professional basis in terms of mentorship or, if appropr

Genres of Films Topic

Genres of Films TopicFilm is an art. Just as the art itself, Film has a complex range of depart workforcets. Therefore, learning the classification of the film is by all odds the first key for the learning of the film. The musical style can as well be called type or kind, which is used in the film culture. For example, film production, the popular consumption, the reception of films and etcetera(Langford, 2005). In the movie populace, there argon many different types of movies and there are many film classifications. There are a lot of controversies near genres of films, which can be categorized in many ways. For example, in the looking at of the content of the film, there are action, comedy, crime, horror and etc. And also the concept of the genre of films is obtuse, which means that there is no definite boundaries between ii kinds of genres and boundaries of the genre of films are shifting. For example, there are action comedy, comedy horror, military comedy, and etc.The Back-Up formulate is a extraordinary movie. In the beginning of the film, a desperate girl named Zoe wants nothing more than than to meet the man who she loves and ca-ca a happy family with somebody. And the appetency to have a family is more and more strong. Having dated for several years without any result, Zoe decides to solve the problem herself and fulfill her wishes by getting inseminated artificially. On that very(prenominal) day, on which she gets inseminated, along comes the man of her dreams, Stan. Stan is a cheese selling farmer. Hes a handsome young man and he is very charming. The two nice persons nail down in love with each other quickly. After learning that Zoe is pregnant, Stan is a little hesitated and amazing. But after some serious considering, he is still automatic to help her raise this kid who isnt his actually. They live together for nine months and finally have a baby of their own.The genre of The Back-Up Plan.According to the current classification of the roughly mainstream, there are adventure, animation, comedy, horror, crime, documentary, drama, musical, romance and etc. For example, adventure is a type of movie hard to explain literally, such as a personal archives or a legend. And some movie is a description of an event, which also belongs to the genre of adventure. Crime can be regarded as a big genre in American movies, which is a popular genre, such as the Godfather series, Pulp Fiction and so on.In these genres, The Back-Up Plan belongs to comedy. Comedy is generally exaggerated and it everlastingly has clever structure, witty lines and comic quality. In The Back-Up Plan, during the first meet of Zoe and Stan, their lines are very strange. And the leading actressherself is an interesting woman. In comedy, the beautiful idea of life allow for always be affirmed. In The Back-Up Plan, Zoes desire for a family or a baby is fulfilled at last. Conflicts in comedy tend to be figure out more lively and a perfect circle will be achieved. And also comedy films often reveal our social values and some preoccupations in our daily life (Lopez, 2000). When Stan knows that Zoe has a baby, Stan is confused and they have some quarrels. But after his considering, his love for her is more firm. Later, Zoe is not sure about Stans love and she is dismayed of his leaving. However, done a wedding of her mother, she goes back to Stan. These problems are solved much easier, which is the characteristic of comedy. Finally, like other comedies, Stan and Zoe have a perfect circle.Referring to the dimensions of genre, there are Iconography, Industry practice, Audience expectation, Ideology and myth. In the aspect of iconography, the setting of the film is peoples daily life. The character of the film is a woman leftover on the shelf, who is funny and brave. And then the theme of it is amorous love. Concerning the industry practice, the location of audience of The Back-Up Plan can be regarded as these older women le ft and it is a typical Hollywood film. The third dimension of genre of films is audience expectation. In the film, the life of Zoe sometimes seems a mess while it makes the audience laugh. Whether the audience is an old woman left or not, he or she will be interested in the strange life order of Zoe. Then the last dimension is genre and myth. From the aspect of conjecture and other three dimensions, the genre of The Back-Up Plan is romantic comedy.Comedy can be roughly divided into two types the romantic comedy and satirical comedy. Satirical comedies often take current events as the theme of the film, which always concern the social and political problems by the authors humor writing style. The back-Up Plan is funny and a bit touching. To say in this regard, The Back-Up Plan is a romantic comedy. Romantic comedy often uses the topics like love stories. The plot forward of the taradiddle is often organized by some misunderstanding and clarifying (King, 2002). By the conflicts betw een Stan and Zoe and their clarifying, The Back-Up Plan tells people that it is very important to trust your partner who loves you and also you love and to accept the things he or she does. It is a feel good movie, which lets the women of the world believe that there are still some good men out there. And the other characteristic of the film is that the crazy and tough time that women experience during a pregnancy is presented. These features all prove that The Back-Up Plan is a romantic comedy.Analysis on Journey to the Center of the Earth.Introduction of Journey to the Center of the Earth.Trevor is a geologist, whose brother, Max believed that the center of the Earth could be reached through the volcanic tubes and disappeared on a mysterious expedition. One day, Trevor is inspired by a password in a previous letter. Accompanied by his nephew, Trevor conducts an expedition to travel through the center of the earth. Before the process, they meet Hannah, who they find living in Maxs former research headquarters near the volcano he was investigating. They drop down from a crater of Iceland. Then in the expedition, they fall very frequently, and very far. However, no matter how frequently or how far they fall, they will land without injury. They always retain remarkably optimistic. They believe that there must be a way out of there. Overcoming all kinds of difficulties, like water shortage, lost, storm, they succeed to come back to the backcloth from a volcano of the westbound island.The genre of Journey to the Center of the Earth.The genre of Journey to the Center of the Earth is an adventure film. In adventure films, the characters always have some new experiences, which are often exciting or dangerous (Taves, 1993). The themes of adventure films include travels, conquests, expeditions, dangerous situations that the main characters encounter, some actual historical figures, and etc.The setting of Journey to the Center of the Earth is an adventure fanatic. In a rather short time, people have conquered the source of the Nile, the Sahara, Africa, North and South poles and the uninfluenced wilderness on the earth becomes less and less. On the other hand, science and technology, especially archeology and geology have got an unprecedented development. The setting decides that the genre of the film is adventure. The character in the film, Trevor is a curious and clever man, which predicts that he will try his best to find out the cause of his brothers death. And because of his curiosity and wisdom, the journey must be a successful one. And then the audience location can be regarded as these who like risking and expediting. The theme of the film is to prove a new theory about the earth. During the expedition, they encounter many adventures, including prehistoric animals and natural hazards. The plot of the film has many ups and downs. The romantic and science imagination takes the audience into a fantasy world beyond space and time.Also it can be seen that adventure films are similar to action films, which shows that the boundary between two genres is shifting and become vague (Brode, 2003). Journey to the Center of the Earth is designed to be active and the characters have energetic experience, which makes the film is similar to action films.Conclusion.Today the genre of films is more and more complex and the boundary between two genres is more and more vague. The full understanding of the genre of films helps people understand and comprehend these film works offend and more objectively. At first, the article makes a brief introduction about the genre of films. And then the article focuses on comedy films and adventure films by analyzing the two films, the Back-Up Plan and Journey to the Center of the Earth, which will result in a deeper understanding of comedy films and adventure films.

Audit of Injuries in Cricket

Audit of Injuries in playAn Audit of Injuries in play in Scotland in the 2008 Season goldbrickCricket is a popular sport played and followed by millions around the globe. It is a relatively non contact sport with a low to mode regularise lay on the line of combat detriment. However, in the last decade, the incidence of combat taint has been shown to be on the rise. This is possibly due to increase in workload for the modern cricketer.Aim of the written reportThe suggest of the get was to audit the preponderance and patterns of injuries in cricket in Scotland oer a substitute appease. A schooling of this constitution has never been undertaken in Scotland. This study exit act as pilot study for a long marches blur surveillance program in economical cricket. Cricket researchers gain long been in favour of a world cricket flaw surveillance report. This study, we reckon, will contribute to such a report when undertaken.MethodsA questionnaire was send to Cricket Scotl and who in make eng long timed cl professional cricket impostors from the Scottish inter home(a) squad, SNCL Premier League, SNCL division I and division II. Involvement of the team coaches through the initiative of Cricket Scotland was sought to increase the compliance for return of the questionnaire.ResultsWe received feedback from 26 of the 150 players that we approached. The sums of injuries reported throughout the season were 18. An increase prevalence of injuries was apparent at the start of the season with 27% of every injuries occurring in April. Of both the players, 42% suffered injuries at roughly point of time during the season. approximately of the injuries (66%) occurred in match situations. astute injuries accounted for 60% of the. As expected, bowling was responsible for 36.84% of injuries while field ca utilise 52.36% of injuries. top(prenominal) limb injuries contributed to 57.89% of the injuries. Finger injuries in the contour line of fractures or contusi ons had a prevalence footstep of 15.29%. Lower limb injuries accounted for 31.58% of all injuries with knee and shin nisus fracture being more common. Hamstring injuries having prevalence rate 16.67%. During the entire season, there was not a single case of head, neck or face blot. Midsection injuries accounted for 10.53 % of injuries with 5.26% prevalence rate for side or abdominal muscle strain.35.29% of injuries took more than 6 weeks to heal enough for the player to checkicipate in a match again, while almost half of the injure players took more than 4 weeks to recover from injury.Only 8.33% of international cricketers had access to a checkup make team while 75% of players did not piss injury advice at all. At the internal level, medical support as wellspring as provision of sports injury advice was lacking for cytosine% of players. Likewise, none of the clubs we came across had implemented injury data allurement or monitoring program.DiscussionThe injury patterns and prevalence range identified showed similarities to previous studies, especially for lower limb and senses injuries. Bowling and handle were recognised as study contributors for injury. The time lost due to injury as shown in the study is a concern. It is interesting to note that none of the domestic players had access to medical back up in the form of a doctor or a physiotherapist. Even at the international level lone(prenominal) one player had a sports doctor to attend to his injuries. In summary, we identified a need for the provision of medical support to players for helping them to realise their encompassing potential.A national database for cricket injuries within the confines of the Scottish government similar to the ACC or the SMAGG should be implemented. The ICC should opinion to help full as well as lad members in setting up injury pr yettion programs. It should allocate funds and provide expertness in the form trained power for the same. Appointment of injury statisticians for recording of injury data in every first class, one day or twenty 20 match should be looked at. At the end of every match an injury report should be sent to the team management, the SNCL which in turn will pass it on to the ICC. This collection of data should be anonymised as much as possible to help safeguard players interests.1. IntroductionCricket is a popular sport played and followed by millions around the globe. It is a relatively non contact sport with a low to moderate risk of injury as compared to sports uniform hockey or foot fruitcake.12 However, in the last decade, the incidence of injury has been shown to be on the rise.3 This is possibly due to increase in workload for the modern cricketer. Intense competition, higher levels of physical fitness and skills required and increase in the number of matches played throughout the season has resulted in this trend. Furthermore, pressures of international travel and acclimitisation to foreign playing conditi ons in a national of days have added to the direction.Although the popularity of cricket is on the rise, worldwide research into injuries has been dismal. The world(prenominal) Cricket Council (ICC), which governs the game, boasts a membership of 104 countries including 10 full, 34 associate and 60 assort members. However, most of the statistical data on incidence and prevalence of injuries comes from just four countries, namely, Australia, South Africa, England and the West Indies.Australia was the first country to introduce long term injury surveillance in professional cricket in the summer of 1998-99.2 The Sports Science Medicine Advisory Group (SSMAG) set up by Cricket Australia is responsible for the collection and maintenance of a long term injury database.3 Recently, the English and the South African Boards have set up their own injury surveillance programs. In New Zealand, the Accident Compensation Corporation is responsible for recording all sporting injuries. The rest o f the see playing nations, however, along with the associate members of the ICC do not have programs implemented to record cricketing injuries. Although cricket has a vast following in the subcontinent, availability of statistical data regarding injuries is lacking. Similarly, a study of the nature and prevalence of injuries in cricket has never been undertaken in Scotland.In the backdrop of researchers pushing for a world cricket injury report, all test playing and associate member countries should set up injury surveillance programs to identify patterns along with prevalence and incidence of injuries. This would enable comparisons of data across varying sets of playing conditions prevailing in different countries.2. Injuries in CricketAlthough cricket is a non contact sport, injuries are quite common, especially in prompt bowlers.4-7 any(prenominal) instances of death due to cricket have also been documented in literature.8Importance of Injury SurveillanceLong term injury surve illance in sport is the basis for prevention of injuries. Identification of causes with subsequent designing and implementation of interventions forms the sequence of prevention of injuries.9Surveillance of injuries across nations has however proved to be more difficult than previously thought. Over the years, different studies have sought to define injury in cricket and devise methods for injury surveillance.10-14 However, disparity in the definitions employ by different researchers has been a problem in comparing injury rates from across the world. 31215 Orchard et al. defined injury in cricket as any injury or medical condition that either (a) prevents a player from being fully purchasable for woof for a major match or (b) during a major match, causes a player to be unable to bat, bowl or keep wickets when required by either the rules or the teams captain 312.whereas,Leary et al. defined injury in cricket as an event which caused a player to seek medical attention.10 general i ncidence of InjuriesDifferent studies report injury incidence in cricket varying from 2.6 to 333/ 10,000 player hours.121617 Of all the Accident and hint department presentations in Australia, 8% cases were cricket related injuries, making cricket the 5th commonest injury prone sport in Australia.2 In South Africa, scope found that there was an injury incidence per player of 1.6 to 1.91 per season also 49% of all players get injured somewhattime throughout a season.13 Leary et. al. in their 10 year study of professional English county cricketers found the acute injury incidence to be 57.4 per 1000 days of cricket.10Injuries by anatomical localizeLower limb injuries are the most common with an incidence of 45% to 49.8% where as trunk (20-32.6%) and upper limb (18.9 to 29 %) were the other sites commonly involved.71013 The tissues mostly involved are muscles and other soft tissues (41.0%), formulates (22.2%), tendons (13.2%), and ligaments (6.2%).7 Muscle strains were found to be most common. Of the lower limb injuries, hamstring injuries were reported to be most common by Orchard et al (11% of all injuries).2 Most of these were in the form of muscle strains and tears especially in bowlers and fielders.18Knee injuries, normally comprise of joint sprains (27.6%), tendonitis (26.5%) and contusions (16.3%).10 Orchard et al reported that knee ligament injuries were uncommon in cricket. An interesting observation was that cricketers were more likely to suffer from knee ligament injuries during the game of football that cricketers play as a form of pre-match warming up or cross training. Groin injuries in bowlers (8% of all injuries in bowlers) and batsmen (9% of all injuries in batsmen) had an overall incidence of 7%. 2 Stress fractures of the tibia, fibula and foot, and ankle sprains occurred mostly in fast bowlers and had a combined incidence of 6% in the study conducted by Orchard et al.2Upper limb injuries make up 19.8% to 34.1% of all injuries in cricket.21 718 Most of these are finger injuries due to ball trespass occurring during fielding or batting.171819 Contusions account for a major share of finger injuries (40%) while fractures/dislocations (28.9%) and joint sprains (23%) are the other finger injuries commonly encountered.10Although, most of the finger injuries in cricket have a satisfactory treatment outcome, cricketers report a counterbalance component of occasional pain or minor swelling and / or deformity.19 Most of the wicket keepers have been known to carry finger injuries but rarely report them for the fear of being made to miss the match. lift injuries unremarkably occur in fielders and bowlers while batsmen and wicket keepers are characteristically spared.1018 Shoulder tendon injuries were reported to comprise of 6% of all injuries by Orchard et al. 2, Supraspinatus tendon was seen to be mostly affected. Incidence of shoulder dislocation or subluxation was shown to be low 1%. Upper limb lacerations or fractures were reported to have a low incidence and occurred mostly in batsmen.2Side strain occurring on the non dominant arm in bowlers is quite notorious to heal.2 Incidence of side or abdominal muscle strain is 9% of all injuries 1% of all cricket injuries are side strains due to a stress or traumatic fracture of the rib.2The overall incidence of back and trunk injuries accounted was 18% to 33% of all injuries.716-18 Fast bowlers were found to be at particular risk of developing lower back injury.420-24 So much so that Foster et al. and chime have likened the injuries in fast bowlers to en epidemic.425The incidence for head, neck and face injuries vary from 5% to 25 % usually resulting from tint of the cricket ball causing lacerations or contusions and rarely concussions.121316-18 Weightman and Brown reported a quarter of cricket injuries to be concussions due to a ball impact on the head.1 This was probably due to the fact that use of helmets in cricket was not in fashion when the study was conducted.Of the cervical spurring injuries, 63.6% were in the form of sprains or strains resulting from batting for long periods of time.7Jones and Tullo reported an incidence of 9% for eye injuries in sports in the UK.26 Although, eye injuries in cricket are rare, some studies have reported a few cases associated with cricket.2728 These are usually more severe.Seasonal Variation of injuriesInjuries in cricket are shown to occur more at the start of the season and then at the end of the season.710 The highest incidence number of injuries mostly muscle, tendon and ligament injuries occur at the start of the season (April-27.3%).10 tour injuries like fractures or dislocations occur with the same frequency throughout the season. reaching reported a similar incidence of higher injuries at the start of the season (32.3%) compared to than mid-season (21.7%) or towards the end (12.5%) or offseason (12.5%).18Role performed in the team adulterate reported an injury incidence according t o activity as follows bowling (41.3%), fielding and wicket keeping (28.6%), and batting (17.1%).18 A study by Orchard et al, however reports that wicketkeepers had the lowest injury incidence (2%) probably because of minimal sprinting, throwing or bowling.2 Bowlers usually sustained lower limb or back injuries while fielders and wicket keepers usually suffered upper limb (42.9%) or lower limb injuries (40.6%). Batsman on the other hand suffered mainly lower limb injuries (54.4%).Delivery and follow through of the fast bowler (25.6%), overuse (18.3%), and fielding (21.4%) were the main mechanisms of injury.18Age IncidenceYoung fast bowlers tend to get injured more often.7131418 Also the incidence of overuse injuries in cricketers in the age group of 19-24 years tends to be higher than their older counterparts.7 An important observation in a study by Stretch is that all 14 stress fractures occurred in young cricketers with 13 of them due to bowling.7Chronicity of injuryAcute injuries account for 64.8% of all injuries while 16.6% are continuing and 25.4% of the injuries are of acute on chronic nature. Majority of injuries are first time injuries (64.5%) while recurrent injuries from the previous season account for 22.8% of injuries.13Recovery time of injuriesIn a study by Stretch, 47.8% of injured players were able to return to play within a week while 28.4% took 3 week. However, 23.8% of the players were not able to train or play matches even more than 3 weeks after the incidence.73.0 Methodolgy3.1 Aim of the StudyThe aim of the study was to audit the prevalence and patterns of injuries occurring in cricket in Scotland over a complete season. A study of this nature has never been undertaken in Scotland. This study will act as pilot study for a long term injury surveillance program in Scottish cricket. Cricket researchers have long been in favour of a world cricket injury surveillance report. This study, we reckon, will contribute to such a report, if and when i t is undertaken.3.2 Study designThe study was a retrospective, questionnaire based study carried out online with the support of Cricket Scotland. The involvement of Cricket Scotland, the national governing body body for the sport in Scotland, we hoped, would increase the response rate for the questionnaires and thus the reliability of the audit. We feared that compliance would be an issue. However, we were hopeful that involvement of the club coaches via the governing body for cricket in Scotland would maximise the return rate.The first class structure for cricket in Scotland, Scottish National Cricket League (SNCL) is split into three levels, the SNCL Premiere League, the SNCL division I and the SNCL division II. Each of these levels consists of 10 teams, playing each other home and away. In addition, there is an under 19s Scottish cricket team. Each of the first class teams plays an extra game with the under 19s, making a total of 19 matches over the season for each team.Cricket Scotland distributed the questionnaire to 150 elite cricketers from the international team as well as those in the three divisions of the SNCL. The audit assessed areas such as nature of injury, body part affected, mechanism of injury, recovery time, etc as well as the provision of medical support at the club (see attached questionnaire). selective information was recorded from the feedback received from the questionnaire. Data analysis was done on a prevalence percentage basis and comparisons made with the limited existing studies.3.3 Ethical ApprovalEthical approval for task this study was sought from and granted by the Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee for Non Clinical Research involving Human Subjects, University of Glasgow, Scotland.3.4 SubjectsThe subjects involved in the study were 150 elite cricket players from the Scottish national team and clubs in the top 3 divisions of the Scottish National Cricket league (SNCL).3.5 Data AnalysisMinitab 15.1 was used to carry out s tatistical analysis whereas Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to provide graphical analysis of the data. Also, for comparison with the existing data, literature searches were carried out using germ Manager Professional Network Edition 12.0. The databases used were Pubmed and ISI Web of Knowledge for the period of 1970 to 2009 with key words for search being cricket, injury, surveillance, patterns, incidence, and prevalence. The review considered all text file up to May 2009 relevant to definition, incidence, prevalence, causes and prevention of injuries in cricket.4.0 ResultsDuring the study, Cricket Scotland distributed the questionnaires to 150 cricket players from the international team and the three divisions of the SNCL. To improve the response rate, the coaches were instructed get the players to glut in the questionnaires.We received feedback from 26 of the 150 players that we approached. Of these, almost 77% were of current international status with 85% having represented Scot land at some point in their careers. In the SNCL, 73.08% of all players represent the premier division, 19.23% division 1 while only one player each featured in division 2 and domestic matches outside the SNCL. 73% of the players that responded were in the age group of 19-25 while 15.38% were in the under 19 age group of and 12% in the over 24 age group. Batsmen comprised of 35% of players while bowlers and all-rounders formed a major share of 64%. Only one wicketkeeper featured in the study. The percentage of players who appeared in more than 30 matches over the season was 46% while 23% played between 11-30 matches.The numbers of injuries reported throughout the season were 18. An increased prevalence of injuries was apparent at the start of the season with 27% of all injuries occurring in April. This then leveled off as the season progressed. Of all the players, 42% suffered injuries at some point of time during the season. Most of the injuries (66%) occurred in match situations. Acute injuries accounted for 60% of the injuries while acute or gradual recurrence of a previous injury was responsible for 35% of the cases. As expected, bowling was responsible for 36.84% of injuries while fielding (along with catching and throwing) caused 52.36% of injuries with throwing alone was responsible for 10% of all injuries.Regional Distribution of injuriesUpper limb injuries contributed to 57.89% of the injuries, with shoulder tendon injury accounting for 27.27% of all upper limb and 15.79% of all injuries. Injuries to the fingers in the form of fractures or contusions had a prevalence rate of 15.29% for all injuries and 27.27% of all upper limb injuries. Lower limb injuries accounted for 31.58% of all injuries with knee and shin stress fracture being more common. Hamstring injuries having prevalence rate 16.67%. During the entire season, there was not a single case of head, neck or face injury. Midsection injuries accounted for 10.53 % of injuries with 5.26% prevalence rate for side or abdominal muscle strain.35.29% of injuries took more than 6 weeks to heal enough for the player to participate in a match again, while almost half of the injured players took more than 4 weeks to recover from injury.Injury Advice and SurveillanceIn our analysis we found that only 8.33% of international cricketers had any access to a medical support team in the form of a physiotherapist while 75% of players at did not have injury advice at all. Also, of all the players, only 7.69% had some sort of injury prevention advice at their club. At the domestic level, provision of sports injury advice as well as medical support was lacking for 100% of players.Likewise, none of the clubs have implemented injury data collection or monitoring program.Table I. Type of injuries in the 2008 seasonType of InjuryInternationalSNCL (domestic)Head / FaceFracturesEyes otherNeckSprainsOtherShoulderTendon / muscleDislocation / subluxationArm / Elbow / ForearmFractureOtherWrist / PalmDislo cation/FractureSplit webbingOtherFingersFracturesOtherTrunkAbd/Side strainOtherBackLumbar stress fractureOtherGroin/HipHam / QuadKneeLigamentOtherShin /Ankle / FootStress fractureSprainsOther000003021000311100010000000010001000000001100100Total 13 55.0 DiscussionThe prevalence of injuries in Scottish cricket players both international and domestic over a season was ascertained in this study. Players in Scotland do not feature in as many matches over a season as players from places like Australia or India. As such, injury rates have not reached alarming proportions but the injury patterns and prevalence rates do show some similarities. The scattering of injuries according to anatomical site is similar to other studies, especially prevalence rate for lower limb fingers injuries. Bowling and fielding were recognised as major contributors for injury. Seasonal variations are also similar to a previous English study.10The time lost due to injury as shown in the study is a concern. Proper injury prevention advice can help in avoiding injuries (most notable being those due to bowling). It is interesting to note that none of the domestic players had access to medical back up in the form of a doctor or a physiotherapist. Even at the international level only one player had a sports doctor to attend to his injuries.In summary, we identified a need for the provision of medical support to players for helping them to realise their full potential. An injury unloosen player is more likely to perform to the best of his ability ensuring good performance of the team. A successful team in turn can trace sponsors thereby further enhancing the injury aspect of the game.A national database for cricket injuries within the confines of the Scottish government similar to the ACC or the SMAGG should be implemented. The ICC should look to help full as well as associate members in setting up injury prevention programs. The ICC should allocate funds and provide expertise in the form train ed personnel for the same. Appointment of injury statisticians for recording of injury data in every first class, one day or twenty 20 match should be looked at. At the end of every match an injury report should be sent to the team management, the SNCL which in turn will pass it on to the ICC. This collection of data should be anonymised as much as possible to help safeguard players interests.6.0 Methodological Limitations6.1 SubjectsThe response we got for the questionnaire was not as good as expected. Unforeseen logistics and strategic problems due to prior commitment of the Scottish international team due to the World twenty 20 Cup and the domestic teams in the being busy in the final stages of the season hampered the feedback from the players.The selection of players from the elite level did serve the purpose of determining injury prevalence at the highest level. However, patterns of injury at the school and junior level need to be identified as well.6.2 ProceduralSince it was a retrospective study, the legitimacy of injuries reported form memory by the players can be questioned. Injuries should ideally have been diagnosed and recorded by professional medical personnel like a physiotherapist or a sports doctor.Furthermore, this study looked into injuries over just one season. Having said so, this study can prove to be a pilot abide on which future research can be based.6.3 Statistical and AnalyticalWe calculated prevalence of the different types of injuries. However, the study did not look into the incidence rates of different injuries. The incidence rates along with prevalence rates as done by some previous studies would have been a better watching of injuries affecting professional cricketers in Scotland.7.0 Future ResearchIn the future, researchers should ideally look to conduct a prospective study over a number of years to identify the consistent injury patterns. Also, diagnosis and recording of injuries by professional medical staff with maintainen ce of an nationwide epidemiological injury database should be aimed at.Also, impact of provision medical support staff on improved performance of the players and the team as a whole needs to be looked into.8.0 Reference slant(1) Weightman D, Browne RC. Injuries in Eleven Selected Sports. Br J Sports Med 1975 9(3)136-141.(2) Orchard J, James T, Alcott E, Carter S, Farhart P. Injuries in Australian cricket at first class level 1995/1996 to 2000/2001. Br J Sports Med 2002 36(4)270-274.(3) Orchard JW, James T, Portus MR. Injuries to elite male cricketers in Australia over a 10-year period. J Sci Med Sport 2006 9(6)459-467.(4) Foster D, John D, Elliott B, Ackland T, Fitch K. Back injuries to fast bowlers in cricket a prospective study. Br J Sports Med 1989 23(3)150-154.(5) Hardcastle P, Annear P, Foster DH, Chakera TM, McCormick C, Khangure M et al. Spinal abnormalities in young fast bowlers. J Bone stick Surg Br 1992 74(3)421-425.(6) Hardcastle PH. Repair of spondylolysis in young fas t bowlers. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993 75(3)398-402.(7) Stretch RA. Cricket injuries a longitudinal study of the nature of injuries to South African cricketers. Br J Sports Med 2003 37(3)250-253.(8) Brasch R. How did sports begin? Sydney Camberwell Longman 1971.(9) Van MW, Hlobil H, Kemper HCG. Incidence Severity Aetiology and Prevention of Sports Injuries A Review of Concepts. Sports Medicine 1992 14(2)82-99.(10) Leary T, White JA. Acute injury incidence in professional county club cricket players (1985-1995). Br J Sports Med 2000 34(2)145-147.(11) Mitchell R, Hayen A. Defining a cricket injury. J Sci Med Sport 2005 8(3)357-358.(12) Orchard J, Newman D, Stretch R, Frost W, Mansingh A, Leipus A. Methods for injury surveillance in international cricket. J Sci Med Sport 2005 8(1)1-14.(13) Stretch RA. The incidence and nature of injuries in first-league and provincial cricketers. S Afr Med J 1993 83(5)339-342.(14) Stretch RA. The seasonal incidence and nature of injuries in schoolboy cri cketers. S Afr Med J 1995 85(11)1182-1184.(15) Finch CF, Elliott BC, McGrath AC. Measures to prevent cricket injuries an overview. Sports Med 1999 28(4)263-272.(16) Corrigan AB. Cricket injuries. Aust Fam Physician 1984 13(8)558-9, 562.(17) Crisp T. Cricket fast bowlers back and throwers shoulder. practitioner 1989 233(1469)790-792.(18) Stretch RA. Incidence and nature of epidemiological injuries to elite South African cricket players. S Afr Med J 2001 91(4)336-339.(19) Belliappa PP, Barton NJ. Hand injuries in cricketers. J Hand Surg Br 1991 16(2)212-214.(20) Bartlett RM, Stockill NP, Elliott BC, Burnett AF. The biomechanics of fast bowling in mens cricket a review. J Sports Sci 1996 14(5)403-424.(21) Bell PA. Spondylolysis in fast bowlers principles of prevention and a survey of awareness among cricket coaches. Br J Sports Med 1992 26(4)273-275.(22) Dennis R, Farhart P, Goumas C, Orchard J. Bowling workload and the risk of injury in elite cricket fast bowlers. J Sci Med Sport 200 3 6(3)359-367.(23) Dennis R, Farhart P, Clements M, Ledwidge H. The relationship between fast bowling workload and injury in first-class cricketers a pilot study. J Sci Med Sport 2004 7(2)232-236.(24) Engstrom CM, Walker DG. Pars interarticularis stress lesions in the lumbar spine of cricket fast bowlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007 39(1)28-33.(25) Bell P. Cricket injury in long trousers. Br J Sports Med 1999 33(3)151-152.(26) Jones NP, Tullo AB. Severe eye injuries in cricket. Br J Sports Med 1986 20(4)178-179.(27) Abedin A, subgenus Chen HC. An uncommonly serious case of an uncommon sport injury. Br J Sports Med 2005 39(8)e33.(28) Aburn N. Eye injuries in indoor cricket at Wellington Hospital a survey January 1987 to June 1989. N Z Med J 1990 103(898)454-456.Cover Letter for the QuestionnaireAn Audit of Injuries in Cricket in Scotland in the 2008 Season.With increased participation in cricket in Scotland, sports doctors and physiotherapists have become aware of a corresponding incre ase in cricket related injuries. Also, researchers worldwide have felt the need for a global injury incidence report to identify risk factors for subsequent designing and implementation of interventions for prevention of injuries. Some data regarding injuries in cricket is available from Australia, South Africa, England and the West Indies. However, epidemiological collection of data of injuries from the rest of the world is dismal, to say the least.In Scotland as well, there has never been any audit of injuries in cricket, time lost due to injuries, implementation of injury prevention program and provision of medical support to players.This audit aims to look at the type and prevalence of injuries that occurred over the 2008 season in cricket in Scotland, allowing an insight into the mechanisms of injury in cricket. We hope that this will assist the development of medical support and injury prevention programmes. This study would also contribute to a World Injury Incidence Report t o be undertaken in the near future.This audit is being conducted by the Department of Sport Exercise Medicine, University of Glasgow with the support of Cricket Scotland.We are grateful for your valuable time spent in answering the questionnaire. If you have any questions regarding the study or the questionnaire please do not hesitate to contact eitherQuestionnaireDo you play international cricket?Yes, CurrentlyPreviouslyNo enliven indicate the level of domestic cricket that you play in.SNCL PremierSNCL Div 1SNCL Div 2OtherDoes your club provide access to sports injury advice and treatment?YesNo

The Mill on the Floss :: Free Essays Online

The hang around on the FlossGeorge Eliot and The move on the Floss Understanding the Woman and the WorkGeorge Eliot was born bloody shame Ann Evans in 1819. Mary Anne was one of seven children. Eliot often incorporated depictions of her siblings and fathers personal characteristics into her literary deeds. We see her brother Isaac appear as Tom Tulliver in The Mill on the Floss It is said that her relationship with her brother Isaac is unmatched, even by her father. They had a special bond. That bound was broken when she meets George Lewes in 1854.Lewes was a married man. Eliot cancel in love with him anyway. They eloped in 1854. Eliot was ostracized by her society and, perhaps more damaging, her brother refused to speak to her. This had a profound affect on Eliots works and her life. The fact that Eliot was involved with Lewes is only one aspect of her life. When doing my research, I was pleased to see that she was an editor at the Westminster Review in 1851. She wanted to be in dependent, so she indomitable to take up journalism at the age of thirty-one. After writing critically, she decided to began writing her own work. She published three long stories, which were subsequent published in volume form. These complied works became her first book Scenes from Clerical Life in 1958 (Ashton, 187).Though she had been writing professionally, Mary Ann Evens wasnt known by George Eliot until 1857. She came up with the pen name George Eliot to elude to the public that she was a clergyman friend of her boyfriend George Lewes. She was forced to come out when Dickens suspected model she was really a woman. She reveals her true identity to the public in 1959. Her books were successful, but she was consistently aware that her professional work was being judged based on how she decided to live out her personal life. George Lewes dies in 1878. Two years later she marries John Cross who was a family friend. He was twenty years her junior. George Eliot dies in 1885 from k idney problems. The Mill on the Floss is Eliots most autobiographical book. The scenery of the book was based on the community Eliot grew up inArbury on the outskirts of Warwickshire. Eliot knew that she wanted the spirit level to include a flood. She did research at the London Library.

The Great Plague of Europe Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

The deadly rapidly progressing disease known as the enceinte Plague of Europe or what is ofttimes referred to as the glum Death that swept through the European population between 1347 and 1353 initially began in China. Through pop human discourse, all leash forms of the infectious disease have played a devastating role in the epidemics that resulted in high death rates in 14th century Europe. The Black Death of Europe that occurred was the second of the three great waves to hit throughout history. The first plague broke out in the 6th century during the rein of the Byzantine under the Emperor Justinian, reaching his capital in Constantinople. The third great wave of the plague began in Chinas Yunnan province in 1894, emerging in Hong Kong and then spread via shipping routes throughout the world. The plague reached the United States from a ship containing rodents carrying the plague from Hong Kong that docked at Hawaii, where the plague broke out in December 1899, and then San Fr ancisco, whose plague epidemic began in the early 1900s. A team of medical geneticists led by Mark Achtman of University College Cork in Ireland conclude that all three of the great waves of plague originated from China (Wade, 2010). The empirical evidence from their findings points out that the plague would have reached Europe across the Silk Road. Although there were three great waves of plague, the Great Plague of Europe in the 14th century was the most devastating, violent, and most viral out of the three waves.The main cause of the Great Plague of Europe came from a deadly bacterium known as Yersinia Pestis. A smear of the bubonic plague is evades the human body and concentrates itself in the lymph node. A plague patients blood profile would contain or... ...Diseases, 49(10), i. 4.The Black Death, 1348, EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2001). http//www.the-orb.net/textbooks/westciv/blackdeath.html5.The black death a plague that brought change to Europe. Call iope whitethorn-June 2011 42+. General OneFile. Web. 8 May 2012.Document URLhttp//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA259679369&v=2.1&u=nysl_sc_sshs&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w6.The Black Death. Nationalgeographic.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2012. http//science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/plague-article/7.The Black Death Begins. 2012. The History Channel website. May 19 2012, 958 http//www.history.com/videos/the-black-death-begins.8.Wade, Nicholus. Europes Plagues Came From China, Study Finds. N.p. n.p., 2010. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. .